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HEC Ranking 2012 of Pakistani Universities

Islamabad (Thursday, February 23, 2012) – HEC (Higher Education Commission Islamabad has issued Ranking of Universities of All Pakistan. Following are lists published by HEC on 23-2-2012.

Overall Top Ten HEIs of Pakistan (Top 10 Universities of Pakistan)

1. Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
2. Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
3. Aga Khan University, Karachi
4. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
5.  University of The Punjab, Lahore
6. National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
7. Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University
8. University of Health Sciences, Lahore
9. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT)
10. Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore

CATEGORY WISE RANKINGS (Top 5)
 Agriculture/Veterinary

1. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
2. Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
3. University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
4. KPK Agriculture University, Peshawar
5. Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam

Art & Design

1. National College of Arts, Lahore
2. Indus Valley School of Arts and Architecture, Karachi

 Computer Sciences & IT

1. COMSAT Institute of Information Tech Islamabad
2. National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences , Islamabad
3. Qurtaba University D.I.Khan
4. Balochistan University of Information Technology and Management Sciences, Quetta
5. City University, Peshawar

 Engineering & Technology

1. Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science, Islamabad
2. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad
3. Ghulam Institute of Engineering and Technology , Swabi
4. University of Engineering and Technology , Taxila
5. Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad

Business Education

1. Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore
2. Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
3. Iqra University, Karachi
4. Sukkur Institute of Business Administration
5. National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore

Medical Universities

1. Aga Khan University, Karachi
2. University of Health Sciences, Lahore
3. Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi
4. Isra University, Hyderabad
5. Khyber Medical University, Peshawar

General Universities (Large)

1. University of the Punjab, Lahore
2. University of Karachi, Karachi
3. Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
4. University of Peshawar, Peshawar
5. International Islamic University, Islamabad

General Universities (Other)

1. Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
2. Government College University, Lahore
3. Gomal University, DI Khan
4. Kohat University of Science and Technology
5. The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir

HEI’S excluded from the Ranking


The following HEIs are exclued from ranking based on three reasons:

• Established after December 2008
• Distance education institues (AIOU and Virtual University)
• incomplete data

S #	University Name	Year of establishment
1	Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical University Karachi.	2011
2	HITEC University, Taxila	2009
3	University of Wah, Wah Cantt.	2009
4	Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan.	2009
5	Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan	2010
6	Lahore Leads University, Lahore	2011
7	Global Institute, Lahore	2011
8	Sindh Institute of Medical Sciences, Karachi	2009
9	Al-Khair University AJK	2011
10	Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Benazirabad	2010
11	Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Upper Dir KPK	2009
12	University of Swat, Swat	2010
	Distance Learning Institutions
13	Allama  Iqbal Open University.
14	Virtual University.
	Incomplete Data
15	Lahore college for women University
16	Northern University Nowshera
17	Al hamid Islamic University Quetta

2013 Fulbright Awards USA

FUNCTIONS OF MASS COMMUNICATION

             The act of carefully attacking a person or place.

In old days, news took months to reach to the people. If there was fight, people usually knew about it much later, but now there is live war reporting.

            To keep track of what is going around us.

1)         SURVEILLANCE:

            The word “surveillance came form the French word for “watching over”.

           

When we will talk about surveillance with respect to mass communication then it will refer to news and information role of the media.

No doubt information reaches to the audience very fast but this speed sometimes create problems. For example: In accuracies, war reporting and President Reagan.

The first function of mass communication is to serve as the eyes and ears for those of us seeking information about our world. When we want to find out the latest news about what’s happening, we can ant to find out the latest news about what’

TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE:

a)         Warning or Beware (be-careful) Surveillance:

Beware surveillance of Warning, occurs when the media inform us about threats from terrorism, natural calamities, like storm, hurricanes, and erupting volcanoes, depressed economic conditions, increasing inflation or military attacks, These can be about immediate threats.

b)         Instrumental Surveillance:

The second type is instrumental surveillance, has to do with the transmission of information that is useful and helpful in everyday life. News about what films are playing at the local theaters, stock market price, new products, fashion ideas, recipes, political/sports information are example of instrumental surveillance.

2)         INTERPRETATION (explanation):

To provide information on the ultimate meaning and significance of the facts and data already provided.

Or

To provide reader with an added perspective (view point).

The audience is exposed to a large number of different points of view. So they can evaluate all sided of an issue. The mass media do not just supply facts and data, media also provide information on the ultimate meaning and significance of events. Like some stories given on first page and second story is given on twelfth page of the paper. In a TV newscast those stories that are given two minutes at the beginning of the show are deemed more newsworthy than the item that gets two minutes toward the end. Stories that ultimately make it into the paper of the newscast have been judged by the various gatekeepers. It also helps in finding different points of views about and issue, news etc.

           

3)         TRANSMISSION OF VALUES:

            Briefs about that what is right, what is wrong, and what is important in life.

The way is which an individual comes to stop

The behaviour and value socialization functional of group.

Sometimes this transmission is conscious, sometimes unconscious.

This transmission may be the on Iran & Afghanistan war, women rights it can both be the, e.g. it in west.

Mass Communication can change the value together but the space of this change differs from community to community. (It may differ from community to community, city to city, village to village)

Media uses role model for this transmission.

4)         LINKAGE:

            To join together different elements of society those are not directly connected)

Advertising attempts to link needs of buyers with the products of sellers.

Legislators come to know about legislators through various mass media’s.

People of different provinces are linkage through mass media. They know about each others culture, social set up. Similarly countries are linked to each others.

Linkage between Pakistanis and Kashmiris, even with Indians.

If we go in Europe, it’s not that strange as it would be in 50s or 60s as we know a lot about Europe through media.

Example of public relation, DSC

Linkage function may bring both the aid the consequences

The  →            As given above

The  →            Person with antisocial interests can be linked.

If a group in Sindh is opposing building of water surveyor’s media may link them other groups in Punjab or NWFP.

5)         ENTERTAINMENT:

           

i)          Entertainment for entertainment

For Example; infotainment programmes, such as “Hasb-e-Hall, 50 Minutes, Tariq Aziz Show etc”

            ii)         Entertainment for persuasion / Propaganda:

For example: India is transmitting musical programmes, but during programmes India makes propaganda against Pakistan or on Kashmir issue.

MASS COMMUNICATION

i)          The process by which an organization, with the aid of one or more machines, produces and transmits public messages that are directed at large, heterogeneous (mixed/assorted) and scattered (sprinkled/spread) audience.

OR

ii)         The process to deliver information, ideas and attitudes to a sizeable and diversify (branch out/expend) audience through the use of media developed for their purpose.

ELEMENTS OF MASS COMMUNICATION

1)         SOURCE:

It is a group of individuals who usually act within predetermined roles in an organizational setup. E.g. how a newspaper is put together.

·         Reporter gather news

·         Writers draft editorial

·         Cartoonist draw cartoon

·         Advertisement department lays out ads

·         Editors lay out all of these things together on a simple page,

Finally the copy is taken to the press and behind all this process there is a publisher who bears expenses.

Similarly, a radio or television channels, whether it is a drama, stage shows, children’s program, current affairs programme or even it a one man show as Farah Hamid used to answer the questions. If we say PTV, it’s not a single individual; it is a full fledged institution.

Mass Communication sources have a little detailed information about their audience. E.g. the newspaper editor may know that 80% of this audience below 40 years of age but the editor has no idea about individual tastes, preferences or individual identities of these people.

Editor of children issues has very less information about their choices.

If half an hour to fix for children on TV, now what to present (Cartoon, dramas, films)

2)         ENCODING:

Like interpersonal communication, the message considered in mass communication, that it is always multistage purpose.

For example:

A film producer has an idea. He/she explains it to the screen writer. The writer goes off and produces a script. The script goes to the director, who translates it for the camera. The raw film goes to editor. The final version is displays on screen.

Similarly in a newspaper, news is encoded in a proper form. (Content, Treatment)

3)         MESSAGE:

Anyone who can afford the cost of a newspaper or has a radio or TV set can receive the message. And even the receiver has all these things to receive the message, but he may choose not to receive it.

For example: There is advertisements break on PTV during serial and, chooses to switch on to ARY or any other channel.

Similarly, there is an ad on the front page of a newspaper but the reader may ignore it.

Another thing is that same message is sent t all the receivers. In a sense mass communication is addressed to who it may concern. i.e. the receivers have to sort out the messages that a suitable for them. E.g. there are different kinds of news in the paper but different readers have in interest in different things.

Or television channels on-air different things but all there thins are not interesting for all of the receiver

4)         DECODING:

Like other forms of communication, message is also decoded in mass communication.

(Source has a little idea of the decoding skills)

5)         RECEIVER/AUDIENCE:

In mass communication, receivers usually fallowed as:

i.          Audiences are longer one, sometimes numbering in the millions of people.

ii.         Heterogeneous: made up of several dissimilar groups who may differ in age, intelligence, political beliefs, ethic background and so on.

For example: If we say the target audience of Khawateen, one woman, even men there is an element of heterogeneity. Their age knowledge level, social set-up all are different.

iii.        Source and receivers are not in each other’s immediate physical presence.

iv.        In interpersonal, source search for receiver but in mass communication, receiver chooses the message.

v.         Therefore in mass communication, the source has to make a lot of effort to attract the audience.

6)         FEEDBACK:

Unlike interpersonal communication or group, feedback is delayed in mass communication.

Like if there is an election campaign on media, feedback is evaluated after results or declared. For example: If a politician is addressing a pubic meeting or his speech is being telecast on the media.

Similarly if there is an advertisement campaign on media. Feedback comes as the product is sold or not sold in the market. To judge popularity of a movie, it takes times. Similarly to judge the success of a book.

KINDS OF FEEDBACK:

i)          Audience generated feedback:

            The feedback in which audience communicate their opinion to the media)

            Letters to the editor

            Phone calls

            Decrease in circulation or viewer ship

            Less sale of the product

ii)         Media organized feedback:

            Feedback in which media itself collect information from audience.

            Express printed a page in which there were.

Live calls

            Farah Hamid’s programme

91 Journalism Blogs and Websites

If you read Journalistics a lot, you know we love us some journalism. We know you love journalism too. The truth is, there are a lot of other journalism blogs and websites out there that do a better job at it than we do. If it weren’t for the 91 journalism blogs and websites on this list, we’d be clueless about what’s going on out there.
There is no ranking or secret formula to this list. We’ve done our best to break this list into some bite-sized categories (big bites), but there is no science behind our organization. It’s just a list of journalism blogs and websites we like – many of which you probably know about already. Then again, your new favorite blog might be on this list. There’s only one way to find out…

Academic Journalism Blogs

• AEJMC Newspaper Division Blog – this blog is an adjunct to the Newspaper Division of the Association of Education in Journalism & Mass Communication (AEJMC)
• BuzzMachine by Jeff Jarvis – what can you say? This blog is on every list of top journalism blogs (and it belongs on all of them); if you’re not reading BuzzMachine, you should be
• Columbia Journalism Review (CJR) – CJR is another must-read journalism blog. It features all the latest and greatest discussions on journalism today
• PressThink – a one-person show devoting its space to an interesting, long-term press critique in weblog form. That’s how Jay Rosen describes his blog. Let’s just say this is another one of those “start here” blogs – it should be on everyone’s reading list.
• Editors Weblog – a publication of the World Editors Forum
• Teaching Online Journalism by Mindy McAdams – notes from the classroom and observations about today’s practice of journalism online
• journajunkie – a blog about all things journalism, produced by Marsha Ducey, a journalism professor and old-school print news woman who is diving into the world of convergence journalism

Online Journalism Blogs

• Online Journalism Review (OJR) – probably the “start here” blog in this category, Online Journalism Review is the Knight Digital Media Center’s blog on news, commentary and media criticism for online journalists, publishers and other bloggers
• Andy Dickinson – online journalism, newspaper video and digital media
• Publishing 2.0 – a blog about how technology is transforming media, news and journalism
• Journalism.org – this site is produced by the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism – it’s jam-packed with information on everything you ever wanted to know about journalism
• Net Worked (SPJ) – formerly Technolo-J, this SPJ blog is dedicated to covering “tomorrow’s digital journalism today” (it’s a great blog all around)
• Eat Sleep Publish – thoughts on the future of publishing; Eat Sleep Publish is a blog dedicated to exploring and understanding the challenges and opportunities facing newspapers, book publishers, and magazines as they strive to understand new media and find ways to support themselves in the digital age.
• MediaShift (PBS) – your guide to the digital media revolution
• Peter Kafka | Media Memo | AllThingsD – Peter has been covering media and technology since 1997, enough said.
• Campfire Journalism – notes on teaching interactive storytelling
• CyberJournalist – a leading site about online news, digital technology and innovation in media
• Contentious – Amy Gahran’s news and musings on how we communicate in the online age
• Convergence Commons – Jackie Hai’s blog on multimedia, business and community education
• E-Media Tidbits (Poynter) – news and analysis from the world of online journalism, media and publishing
• Ink Drained Kvetch – ramblings on journalism, media and work in the digital age
• News for Digital Journalists – dedicated to helping good journalism – and good journalists – thrive in the digital age
• The Kicker (CJR’s Daily Blog) – another great blog that always has fresh content on the world of journalism – one my favorite CJR blogs
• SteveOuting.com – former “Stop the Presses!” columnist for Editor & Publisher, Steve Outing is a veteran journalist who regularly blogs on digital media, Web 2.0 and news in the Internet era
• Journerdism – online journalism, multimedia, social media, mobile, tech news and ideas
• Vadim Lavrusik – put this on your “ones to watch” list too. Vadim covers all the latest developments on advancements in digital media and online journalism, from the perspective of recent grad pursuing his Master of Science in Digital Media at Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. He also writes for Poynter and Mashable on digital media and online journalism topics.
• Innovation Journalism – comments on the development of the concept and the community of Innovation Journalism
• DigiDave - David Cohn’s blog from the perspective of a Knight News Challenge winner and founder of Spot.Us (see below); Journalism is a process, not a product
• Invisible Inkling – Ryan Sholin’s blog about the changing news business, journalism education and the technologies that support them
• These Digital Times – John Welsh’s blog dedicated to observing and supporting all our journeys from traditional to digital media (this one’s a little out of date – hopefully John will pick things back up in 2010)
• Institute for Analytic Journalism – site dedicated to researching and developing non-traditional methods and communications tools for journalism – there are a lot of good nuggets here
• The Linchpen – Greg Linch’s blog about online journalism and journalism education
• Reportr.net – making sense of the intersection between media, society and technology

Media Commentary & Political Journalism Blogs

• Arian Monck – views on the news business
• Below the Fold – media commentary from a recovering journalist
• Reflections of a Newsosaur – musings (and occasional urgent warnings) of a veteran media executive, who fears our news-gathering companies are stumbling to extinction
• Steve Yelvington’s Media Weblog – Steve Yelvington is a lifelong journalist and strategist for a media company
• Save the Media – veteran journalist Gina Chen advocates that the news media embrace new media and change its content for the Web
• News After Newspapers - an examination of the tools and techniques for journalism and news publishing that are rising as newspapers fall
• Regret the Error – reports on media corrections, retractions, apologies, clarifications and trends regarding accuracy and honesty in the press
• TPM Muckraker -where journalists working for the TPM collective (TPM stands for “Talking Points Memo”, if you’ve heard of them) investigate political corruption
• Center for Media and Democracy – the Center for Media and Democracy (CMD) was founded in 1993 as an independent, non-profit, non-partisan, public interest organization. This blog is all about promoting transparency and fair and accurate reporting.
• Michael Calderone’s Blog (Politico) – Michael Calderon’s Politico blog examines the press with a behind-the-scenes view into major print and broadcast coverage
• On The Media: This Week (NPR) – this blog represents the weekly, one-hour NPR program devoted to media criticism and analysis
• Capital Eye Blog – the blog for the Center for Responsive Politics
• Mediaite – Mediaite is a news and opinion blog and aggregator for the media industry. Coverage includes newspapers, magazines, online and television (see our related post here)
• Romenesko – Jim Romenesko’s Poynter blog providing your daily fix of media industry news, commentary and memos
• Newspaper Death Watch – chronicling the decline of newspapers and the rebirth of journalism
• Old Media, New Tricks – a blog offering hands-on advice for “old media” on how to use new media
• Pressing Issues – Greg Mitchell on media, politics, film, music, satire, TV and more
• JOUR M02 Writing and Reporting for the Media – another random blog you won’t find on a lot of the other lists, but there’s some good interesting content on this one
• Rhetorica – Press-Politics Journal – The Rhetorica Network offers analysis and commentary about media ethics and the rhetoric, propaganda, biases, and spin of journalism

Citizen Journalism Blogs

• pjnet (Public Journalism Network) – the official blog of the Center for Sustainable Journalism at Kennesaw State University. The blog regularly features content surrounding public and citizen journalism and how to get citizens’ voices heard.
• Mediactive – Dan Gillmor’s insightful blog, aimed at helping us all become active and informed users of media
• The Editorialiste – citizen journalism has become a watchdog for professional journalists, who in turn report on the very phenomenon that watches them. But who’s watching both? That’s where The Editorialiste comes in.
• Cplash – the citizen journalism site, Cplash presents citizen’s views on news and matters concerning society in India and the rest of the world. While not focused on the U.S., Cplash is a great resource on this topic.
• I, Reporter – inspiring, guiding and educating citizen journalists and the news organizations that work with them
• Independent Media Center – IndyMedia is a collective of independent media organizations and hundreds of journalists offering grassroots, non-corporate coverage
• Alltop – Top Citizen Journalism News – citizen journalism news and headlines from across the Web

Investigative Journalism Blogs

• The Muckraker – one of several excellent investigative reporting blogs from the Center for Investigative Reporting, the nation’s oldest nonprofit investigative news organization
• at-Largely – Larisa Alexandrovna’s blog for investigative journalists, written from the perspective of an investigative journalist
• Washington Post Investigations – watchdog journalism from The Post and around the Web
• Nieman Watchdog Blog – a blog dedicated to the questions the press should ask

Journalism Design Sites and Blogs

• Blogging Gestalt Design – Gestalt is the foundation of visual grammar and composition – this blog is dedicated to Gestalt principles in design as they apply to journalism
• Visual Editors – this Ning community serves as a classroom for visual journalism, promoting visual journalism literacy in graphics, photo, video and design

Journalism Startup Sites & Blogs

• CommPilings – MemeTracker builds maps of the daily news cycle by analyzing around 900,000 news stories and blog posts per day from 1 million online sources
• I Want Media – a portal site for media (magazines, books, television, etc.)
• True/Slant - an original content news network tailored to both the “entrepreneurial journalist” and marketers who want a more effective way to engage with digital audiences. Contributors, consumers and marketers each have a voice on True/Slant.
• paidContent – a news/resource site covering all types of paid content business models, subscription-enabling technologies and related corporate initiatives
• MediaShift IdeaLab – IdeaLab s a group blog of Knight News Challenge grant winners
• Journalism 2.0 – Mark Briggs is an author and former co-founder of Serra Media, a Seattle-based tech company that connects local publishers with interactive applications and digital platforms that power online innovations
• Spot.Us – one of the more innovative models in journalism today, Spot.Us is dedicated to community-funded journalism. If you haven’t checked them out, you should.

General Interest & Miscellaneous Journalism Blogs

• Topix Journalism News – news on journalism, continually updated from thousands of sources on the net
• Alltop Journalism – journalism news and headlines from across the Web
• TVNewser – mediabistro.com – all the latest news on the TV news business
• loose wire blog – Jeremy Wagstaff’s (ex-WSJ, BBC, Reuters journalist/columnist) blog about technology “usage and abusage”
• The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press – everything you’d want to know about the latest developments surrounding this core Freedom we enjoy in the U.S.
• Lost Remote – local online news, advertising, hyperlocal, you name it.
• Scooping the News – a blog dedicated to just that, written by journalists, former journalists and future journalists
• Depth Reporting – Mark Schaver, an assistant metro editor for The Courier-Journal, blogs about journalism, technology, useful websites and stuff that strikes him as interesting, funny or worthwhile
• Alliance of Women Film Journalists – the blog of the Alliance of Women Film Journalists
• Jon Slattery – a freelance journalist writing from London, England.
• VideoJournalism – as you might expect, this blog is all about video journalism and everything in between

Just for Fun

• Overheard in the Newsroom – overheard in the newsroom is a funny blog about things people have overheard in newsrooms. You’ll be surprised what gets talked about in newsrooms. You can also follow them on Twitter here.
• FakeAPStylebook – this isn’t a site, but rather a Twitter user to follow. Follow @apstylebook for a regular dose of journalistic humor.
• Stuff Journalists Like – seriously, this blog will crack you up. It’s a blog about, well, stuff journalists like. You know, like inverted pyramids, bylines, All the President’s Men and AP Stylebooks.
• AngryJournalist – this site is for the underpaid, overworked, frustrated and pissed off and ignored media professionals. The site is currently going through some technical difficulties, but when it’s back up and running, it deserves a place on this list. Great content and cool t-shirts.

Technology Blogs
There are a few technology blogs worth mentioning on this list, because they regularly post about topics relevant to media business today. These blogs include:

• Fast Company – regularly writes about journalism technology and media business trends
• TechCrunch – a great source of information on technology startups, many related to journalism and social media
• Mashable – everything from Mashable is relevant to what you’re doing today, providing you’re working online. You’re probably already reading it.
• TechDirt – TechDirt aggregates content from a lot of great sources. This site regularly features journalism-related content from hardcore journalists.

PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDING

There are two types of proceeding:

1)         Within the house

2)         Outside the house

It means such activities which are purely related to parliament during session.

There are some activities which are not related to parliament that called parliamentary non-proceedings. It is related to both upper and lower house.

There are some are reasons and justifications before speaking in parliament. After Bhutto is the rules of parliament are emended.

In 1993, Pakistan People Party came into power 2^nd times and there was fighting at all the doors of parliament. Ministers sit over there. Parliament is main source of news. Newspaper and T.V. sends their most expert reporters to coverage of parliamentary proceeding. Media usually gives wide coverage for it.

1)        PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDING WITHIN THE HOUSE:

i)          QUESTION HOURS:                                              (وقفہ سوالات)

(QUESTIONING AND ANSWERING TIME IN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY)

It means the duration in which minister are responsible to answer of questions. There are rules that any members of national assembly wants to ask questions. Submit the questions before national assembly secretariat. Then it sends to the relevant ministry. The specific questions and their answer and timing and name of that member and three supplementary questions can be asks. Reporters are also provided the agenda. You should be alert and vigilance what questions is asked and what answer is given.

Some time media makes headline due to importance of answers by ministers.

ii)         ADJOURNMENT (SUSPENSION) MOTION:                (تحریک التوا)

Adjournment motion is moved soon after question hour but most of the time adjournment motion is not mention in agenda.

It’s about the national issue i.e. power, food, fuel crisis then it is the right of the member of the house. They can submit motion in the national assembly. Then speaker asks to the relevant minister. Then rules are suspended. Members move to the particular motion. Motion are usually submitted a day before. Then it inform to the minister to proper answer. Those who leave the adjournment motion they highlight it.

Soon after the adjured motion rest of the proceedings are taken up.

iii)        CALL ATTENTION NOTICE:                             (توجہ دلاؤ نوٹس)

It’s is a motion which is moved by any parliamentarian in order to draw the attention of government on a particular issue. It can be moved by any member of parliament.

Call Attention Notice are automatically taken if issues are on agenda, then the relevant minister respond.

iv)        PRIVILEGE MOTION:                                          (تحریک استحقاق)

            Ministers are definitely representator of general people.

It’s about the rights of the parliaments.

            What are the rights of parliament?

§  No member can be arrested when the session is going on without the permission of the speaker (chairman)

§  In normal days no member can be arrested without reason.

§  If the parliamentarian goes to the meet someone and that person refuses to listen him. Its violation, member can move the privilege motion.

But members also misuse there privilege too.

v)         LEGISLATION:                                                       (قانون سازی)

This is basic job of parliament to make laws for better governance. Every party makes laws according to their agenda. The laws makers make the draft, send to the national assembly, then send to the house. If there are bad laws then parliament has to amend those laws. The basic purpose of parliament is good governance for people. Las are drafted by laws ministry on the direction of the government. After the process of drafts completed then it goes to federal ministry to debate, discussion and then approval, then goes to national assembly then laws goes to house committee on laws. For further discussion senate and national assembly both have separate committee on laws. Senate will hold debate and after that approval the bill will go to president for signing bills are originated by law ministry. If he did not sign it will became act for the parliament and no more a bill. Bills are originated by laws ministry.

Difference between ordinance and law:

Ordinance is for a short period only for six month. But laws come through a proper process and is a permanent feature. Ordinance is against the law.

vi)        BUDGET AND FINANCE BILL:

            In Pakistan financial years start from 1^st of July to 30 June (next year).

Budget speech is done by the Finance Minister and it always have two parts, one for the overall budget and other for the target of expenditure and revenue.

Budget has to go for proper legislative process after speech, and then copy of bill is send to senate…..

Senators can make certain proposals and can be added in the bill and national will to add them or not.

vii)       NO TRUST OR NO CONFIDENCE MOTION: (تحریک عدم اعتماد)

Three persons in cover house. Prime Minister, Speaker and Deputy Speaker and in upper house, chairman, speaker, house first conduct full flag discuss of it before. Noting it is not passed it is a big news. If prime minister, speaker, deputy speaker disobey constitution then this motion is taken only in national assembly, because there are elected by parliament. Noting even it is not passed it is a big news. After the debate speaker give change to speak, if the motion is passed then he loss his seat.

For example, in 1989 no trust motion was created against Banezer.

viii)      IMPEACHMENT MOTION:                     (مواخذہ)  

Impeachment motion can move only against the president if he violated the constitution. If president is morally corrpt or then opposition move this motion. If it is adopted then president less his office.

Impeachment motion is taken on grounds of moral values. And is taken in both the houses of parliament.

Ghulam Muhammad was the 2^nd Governor General of Pakistan and was removed from post because he lost his senses.

ix)        SPEECHES AND DEBATES:

Speeches and debates are permanent features of the parliament numbers of the parliament speak under certain rules. There is different in pubic meeting and parliament proceedings. Speak point of order (permission to speak) to speak on point of order. There are certain rules and there is a rule book. That book is called rules of procedure and conduct of business. Book carries certain articles. Members speak on certain issues. Time to time parliament holds debates on different issues. For example, may be on crisis, prices or any other issue. When certain restrictions are there then senate holds debates.

 2)        PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDING OUTSIDE THE HOUSE:

i)          HOUSE BUSINESS ADVISORY COMMITTEE:

It comprises of all members of parliament, opposition cooperation is sort in it. News or information is released by the office of speaker.

ii)         SPECIAL COMMISSION ON KASHMIR:

This committee was created before 15 years and has presentation from all major parties in parliament. Maulana Fazal-ur-Rahman is head of this committee. It’s also called Kashmir Committee.

iii)        OPPOSITION LEADER:

Opposition leader outside the parliament is more active and remains quite busy either in the senate or national assembly. They hold meeting, receive delegations etc. He has a separate room. Anti government news releases by the chamber of opposition leader.

iv)        THE PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE:

Public accounts committee is the most powerful committee, Committee is responsible for the accounting of the government expenditure. A senior parliamentary member is appointed by speaker as its head. It’s a constitutional office and carries the audit. Military General also goes there. Committee holds its meetings and summons the relevant office of the ministry.

v)         LOBBIES:

“Such area that adjacent in the hall of parliament, where all members of national assembly relaxed and sit and interesting stories take place. Reporters also cover the lobby activities.

vi)        PARLIAMENTARY PARTY MEETING:

There is any party tat is not belong to ruling party take place meeting to keep in government in trouble.

vii)       P.M. CHAMBER AND ACTIVITIES:

P.M. have a chamber in parliament and held crucial meeting. Prime minister is the leader of the house and his chamber is always very busy. News take place from his chamber.

viii)      PRESIDENT CHAMBER:

It is opened in only one time in one year, when president is invited in parliament to address the session. Chamber is on the fourth floor of parliamentary building. But Musharaf did a unique thing he visit his chamber many time.

ix)        MINISTER’S CHAMBERS:

            All ministers have his own chamber. 

During lengthy sessions ministers take break and go to their chambers.